Industrial fuel oil provides a vital role in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is extensively used to produce power for industrial activities, covering from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The qualities of industrial fuel oil make it a efficient choice for these demanding application

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with accurate thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that the